Post rip image rendering for microprinting

ABSTRACT

A method of rendering the appearance of microprint contained within a printed input digital image comprised of an array of pixels and wherein each pixel is assigned a digital value representing marking information, the method comprising identifying one or two pixel lines or both and reassigning their digital value.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/459,116, entitled “POST RIP IMAGE RENDERING IN AN ELECTROGRAPHIC PRINTER”, filed Mar. 31, 2003.

This application claims priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/526,466, entitled “POST RIP IMAGE RENDERING FOR MICROPRINTING”, filed Dec. 3, 2003.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention is in the field of digital printing, and is more specifically directed to image control for microprinting.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Modern computer driven printing of text and images has enabled a wide variety of copy media. Computer driven printing includes such things as electrographic, laser and inkjet technology. Electrographic printing is also referred to as electrographic marking, electrostatographic printing or marking, and electrophotographic printing or marking. Computer driven printers are well suited for high resolution and high speed printing, with resolutions of 600 dpi (dots per inch) and higher becoming available even at modest prices and are thus highly compatible with computer graphics and imaging. Controlling the appearance of printed images is an important aspect of printers. An example of such control efforts is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,181,438, which is hereby incorporated by reference.

Efforts regarding printers or printing systems have led to continuing developments to improve their versatility practicality, and efficiency.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1 a-1 b are schematic diagrams of an electrographic marking or reproduction system in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram for image rendering in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a flow chart for image rendering in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of designations for a directional look up table in accordance with the present invention;

FIGS. 5 a-5 d are representations of a pixel grid having a toned image provided thereon in accordance with the present invention;

FIGS. 6 a-6 f are representations of a pixel grid having an image provided thereon in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 7 a is a representation of a pixel grid having a one pixel wide toned image provided thereon in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 7 b is a representation of a pixel grid with edge pixel designations for the toned image of FIG. 7 a in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 7 c is a representation of a pixel grid with direction values for the toned image of FIG. 7 a in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 7 d is a representation of a pixel grid with background pixel, edge pixel and one pixel wide line assignment values for the toned image of FIG. 7 a in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 8 a is a representation of a pixel grid having a two pixel wide toned image provided thereon in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 8 b is a representation of a pixel grid with edge pixel assignments for the toned image of FIG. 8 a in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 8 c is a representation of a pixel grid with direction values for the toned image of FIG. 8 a in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 8 d is a representation of a pixel grid with background pixel, edge pixel and two pixel wide line assignment values for the toned image of FIG. 8 a in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 9 is a schematic representation of an exemplary adjustment interface for assigning new pixel values according to the present invention;

FIG. 10 is a representation of a pixel grid with alternative pixel assignments in accordance with the present invention for a letter O;

FIG. 11 is an example of a tone reproduction curve for an electrographic printer in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 12 is a copy of a series of printed halftone steps for three different screen frequencies;

FIG. 13 is a graph illustrating percent lightness vs. percent black pixels for each step for each screen frequency shown in FIG. 14;

FIG. 14 is a copy of a series of printed lines that are 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8 pixels wide;

FIG. 15 is a graph illustrating linewidth vs. the number of pixels counted across the line for an exemplary series of lines of FIG. 15;

FIG. 16 is a graph illustrating best fit lines extracted for linewidth vs. the number of pixels derived by selecting a fixed IPV and varying EPV, 2PV and 1PV for eight different cases;

FIG. 17 is a flow chart illustrating the steps taken to thin an object by more than one pixel, in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 18 is a magnified example of microprint fonts suitable for printing in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 19 is a magnified example of microprint fonts suitable for printing in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 20 presents a pixel array for the letter D in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 21 presents the pixel array of FIG. 20 after marking on a receiver in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 22 presents a pixel array for the letter K in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 23 presents the pixel array of FIG. 22 after marking on a receiver in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 24 presents a pixel array for the letter L in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 25 presents the pixel array of FIG. 24 after marking on a receiver in accordance with the invention; and

FIG. 26 is a representation of a series of pixel grids in accordance with the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Referring to FIG. 1, a printer machine 10 includes a moving recording member such as a photoconductive belt 18 which is entrained about a plurality of rollers or other supports 21 a through 21 g, one or more of which is driven by a motor to advance the belt. By way of example, roller 21 a is illustrated as being driven by motor 20. Motor 20 preferably advances the belt at a high speed, such as 20 inches per second or higher, in the direction indicated by arrow P, past a series of workstations of the printer machine 10. Alternatively, belt 18 may be wrapped and secured about only a single drum.

Printer machine 10 includes a controller or logic and control unit (LCU) 24, preferably a digital computer or microprocessor operating according to a stored program for sequentially actuating the workstations within printer machine 10, effecting overall control of printer machine 10 and its various subsystems. LCU 24 also is programmed to provide closed-loop control of printer machine 10 in response to signals from various sensors and encoders. Aspects of process control are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,121,986 incorporated herein by reference.

A primary charging station 28 in printer machine 10 sensitizes belt 18 by applying a uniform electrostatic corona charge, from high-voltage charging wires at a predetermined primary voltage, to a surface 18 a of belt 18. The output of charging station 28 is regulated by a programmable voltage controller 30, which is in turn controlled by LCU 24 to adjust this primary voltage, for example by controlling the electrical potential of a grid and thus controlling movement of the corona charge. Other forms of chargers, including brush or roller chargers, may also be used.

An exposure station 34 in printer machine 10 projects light from a writer 34 a to belt 18. This light selectively dissipates the electrostatic charge on photoconductive belt 18 to form a latent electrostatic image of the document to be copied or printed. Writer 34 a is preferably constructed as an array of light emitting diodes (LEDs), or alternatively as another light source such as a laser or spatial light modulator. Writer 34 a exposes individual picture elements (pixels) of belt 18 with light at a regulated intensity and exposure, in the manner described below. The exposing light discharges selected pixel locations of the photoconductor, so that the pattern of localized voltages across the photoconductor corresponds to the image to be printed. An image is a pattern of physical light which may include characters, words, text, and other features such as graphics, photos, etc. An image may be included in a set of one or more images, such as in images of the pages of a document. An image may be divided into segments, objects, or structures each of which is itself an image. A segment, object or structure of an image may be of any size up to and including the whole image.

Image data to be printed is provided by an image data source 36, which is a device that can provide digital data defining a version of the image. Such types of devices are numerous and include computer or microcontroller, computer workstation, scanner, digital camera, etc. These data represent the location and intensity of each pixel that is exposed by the printer. Signals from data source 36, in combination with control signals from LCU 24 are provided to a raster image processor (RIP) 37. The digital images (including styled text) are converted by the RIP 37 from their form in a page description language (PDL) language to a sequence of serial instructions for the electrographic printer in a process commonly known as “ripping” and which provides a ripped image to an image storage and retrieval system known as a Marking Image Processor (MIP) 38.

In general, the major roles of the RIP 37 are to: receive job information from the server; parse the header from the print job and determine the printing and finishing requirements of the job; analyze the PDL (Page Description Language) to reflect any job or page requirements that were not stated in the header; resolve any conflicts between the requirements of the job and the Marking Engine configuration (i.e., RIP time mismatch resolution); keep accounting record and error logs and provide this information to any subsystem, upon request; communicate image transfer requirements to the Marking Engine; translate the data from PDL (Page Description Language) to Raster for printing; and Support Diagnostics communication between User Applications The RIP accepts a print job in the form of a Page Description Language (PDL) such as PostScript, PDF or PCL and converts it into Raster, a form that the marking engine can accept. The PDL file received at the RIP describes the layout of the document as it was created on the host computer used by the customer. This conversion process is called rasterization. The RIP makes the decision on how to process the document based on what PDL the document is described in. It reaches this decision by looking at the first 2K of the document. A job manager sends the job information to a MSS (Marking Subsystem Services) via Ethernet and the rest of the document further into the RIP to get rasterized. For clarification, the document header contains printer specific information such as whether to staple or duplex the job. Once the document has been converted to raster by one of the interpreters, the Raster data goes to the MIP 38 via RTS (Raster Transfer Services); this transfers the data over a IDB (Image Data Bus).

The MIP functionally replaces recirculating feeders on optical copiers. This means that images are not mechanically rescanned within jobs that require rescanning, but rather, images are electronically retrieved from the MIP to replace the rescan process. The MIP accepts digital image input and stores it for a limited time so it can be retrieved and printed to complete the job as needed. The MIP consists of memory for storing digital image input received from the RIP. Once the images are in MIP memory, they can be repeatedly read from memory and output to the Render Circuit. The amount of memory required to store a given number of images can be reduced by compressing the images. The images therefore are compressed prior to MIP memory storage, then decompressed while being read from MIP memory.

The output of the MIP is provided to an image render circuit 39, which alters the image and provides the altered image to the writer interface 32 (otherwise known as a write head, print head, etc.) which applies exposure parameters to the exposure medium, such as a photoconductor 18.

After exposure, the portion of exposure medium belt 18 bearing the latent charge images travels to a development station 35. Development station 35 includes a magnetic brush in juxtaposition to the belt 18. Magnetic brush development stations are well known in the art, and are preferred in many applications; alternatively, other known types of development stations or devices may be used. Plural development stations 35 may be provided for developing images in plural colors, or from toners of different physical characteristics. Full process color electrographic printing is accomplished by utilizing this process for each of four toner colors (e.g., black, cyan, magenta, yellow).

Upon the imaged portion of belt 18 reaching development station 35, LCU 24 selectively activates development station 35 to apply toner to belt 18 by moving backup roller 35 a and belt 18, into engagement with or close proximity to the magnetic brush. Alternatively, the magnetic brush may be moved toward belt 18 to selectively engage belt 18. In either case, charged toner particles on the magnetic brush are selectively attracted to the latent image patterns present on belt 18, developing those image patterns. As the exposed photoconductor passes the developing station, toner is attracted to pixel locations of the photoconductor and as a result, a latent image pattern of toner corresponding to the image to be printed appears on the photoconductor. As known in the art, conductor portions of development station 35, such as conductive applicator cylinders, are biased to act as electrodes. The electrodes are connected to a variable supply voltage, which is regulated by programmable controller 40 in response to LCU 24, by way of which the development process is controlled. Development station 35 may contain a two component developer mix which comprises a dry mixture of toner and carrier particles. Typically the carrier preferably comprises high coercivity (hard magnetic) ferrite particles. As an example, the carrier particles have a volume-weighted diameter of approximately 30μ. The dry toner particles are substantially smaller, on the order of 6μ to 15μ in volume-weighted diameter. Development station 35 may include an applicator having a rotatable magnetic core within a shell, which also may be rotatably driven by a motor or other suitable driving means. Relative rotation of the core and shell moves the developer through a development zone in the presence of an electrical field. In the course of development, the toner selectively electrostatically adheres to photoconductive belt 18 to develop the electrostatic images thereon and the carrier material remains at development station 35. As toner is depleted from the development station due to the development of the electrostatic image, additional toner is periodically introduced by toner auger 42 into development station 35 to be mixed with the carrier particles to maintain a uniform amount of development mixture. This development mixture is controlled in accordance with various development control processes. Single component developer stations, as well as conventional liquid toner development stations, may also be used.

A transfer station 46 in printing machine 10 moves a receiver sheet S into engagement with photoconductive belt 18, in registration with a developed image to transfer the developed image to receiver sheet S. Receiver sheets S may be plain or coated paper, plastic, or another medium capable of being handled by printer machine 10. Typically, transfer station 46 includes a charging device for electrostatically biasing movement of the toner particles from belt 18 to receiver sheet S. In this example, the biasing device is roller 46 b, which engages the back of sheet S and which is connected to programmable voltage controller 46 a that operates in a constant current mode during transfer. Alternatively, an intermediate member may have the image transferred to it and the image may then be transferred to receiver sheet S. After transfer of the toner image to receiver sheet S, sheet S is detacked from belt 18 and transported to fuser station 49 where the image is fixed onto sheet S, typically by the application of heat and pressure. Alternatively, the image may be fixed to sheet S at the time of transfer.

A cleaning station 48, such as a brush, blade, or web is also located behind transfer station 46, and removes residual toner from belt 18. A pre-clean charger (not shown) may be located before or at cleaning station 48 to assist in this cleaning. After cleaning, this portion of belt 18 is then ready for recharging and re-exposure. Of course, other portions of belt 18 are simultaneously located at the various workstations of printing machine 10, so that the printing process is carried out in a substantially continuous manner.

LCU 24 provides overall control of the apparatus and its various subsystems as is well known. LCU 24 will typically include temporary data storage memory, a central processing unit, timing and cycle control unit, and stored program control. Data input and output is performed sequentially through or under program control. Input data can be applied through input signal buffers to an input data processor, or through an interrupt signal processor, and include input signals from various switches, sensors, and analog-to-digital converters internal to printing machine 10, or received from sources external to printing machine 10, such from as a human user or a network control. The output data and control signals from LCU 24 are applied directly or through storage latches to suitable output drivers and in turn to the appropriate subsystems within printing machine 10.

Process control strategies generally utilize various sensors to provide real-time closed-loop control of the electrostatographic process so that printing machine 10 generates “constant” image quality output, from the user's perspective. Real-time process control is necessary in electrographic printing, to account for changes in the environmental ambient of the photographic printer, and for changes in the operating conditions of the printer that occur over time during operation (rest/run effects). An important environmental condition parameter requiring process control is relative humidity, because changes in relative humidity affect the charge-to-mass ratio Q/m of toner particles. The ratio Q/m directly determines the density of toner that adheres to the photoconductor during development, and thus directly affects the density of the resulting image. System changes that can occur over time include changes due to aging of the printhead (exposure station), changes in the concentration of magnetic carrier particles in the toner as the toner is depleted through use, changes in the mechanical position of primary charger elements, aging of the photoconductor, variability in the manufacture of electrical components and of the photoconductor, change in conditions as the printer warms up after power-on, triboelectric charging of the toner, and other changes in electrographic process conditions. Because of these effects and the high resolution of modern electrographic printing, the process control techniques have become quite complex.

Process control sensor may be a densitometer 76, which monitors test patches that are exposed and developed in non-image areas of photoconductive belt 18 under the control of LCU 24. Densitometer 76 may include a infrared or visible light LED, which either shines through the belt or is reflected by the belt onto a photodiode in densitometer 76. These toned test patches are exposed to varying toner density levels, including full density and various intermediate densities, so that the actual density of toner in the patch can be compared with the desired density of toner as indicated by the various control voltages and signals. These densitometer measurements are used to control primary charging voltage V_(O), maximum exposure light intensity E_(O), and development station electrode bias V_(B). In addition, the process control of a toner replenishment control signal value or a toner concentration setpoint value to maintain the charge-to-mass ratio Q/m at a level that avoids dusting or hollow character formation due to low toner charge, and also avoids breakdown and transfer mottle due to high toner charge for improved accuracy in the process control of printing machine 10. The toned test patches are formed in the interframe area of belt 18 so that the process control can be carried out in real time without reducing the printed output throughput. Another sensor useful for monitoring process parameters in printer machine 10 is electrometer probe 50, mounted downstream of the corona charging station 28 relative to direction P of the movement of belt 18. An example of an electrometer is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,956,544 incorporated herein by this reference.

Other approaches to electrographic printing process control may be utilized, such as those described in International Publication Number WO 02/10860 A1, and International Publication Number WO 02/14957 A1, both commonly assigned herewith and incorporated herein by this reference. Raster image processing begins with a page description generated by the computer application used to produce the desired image. The Raster Image Processor interprets this page description into a display list of objects. This display list contains a descriptor for each text and non-text object to be printed; in the case of text, the descriptor specifies each text character, its font, and its location on the page. For example, the contents of a word processing document with styled text is translated by the RIP into serial printer instructions that include, for the example of a binary black printer, a bit for each pixel location indicating whether that pixel is to be black or white. Binary print means an image is converted to a digital array of pixels, each pixel having a value assigned to it, and wherein the digital value of every pixel is represented by only two possible numbers, either a one or a zero. The digital image in such a case is known as a binary image. Multi-bit images, alternatively, are represented by a digital array of pixels, wherein the pixels have assigned values of more than two number possibilities. The RIP renders the display list into a “contone” (continuous tone) byte map for the page to be printed. This contone byte map represents each pixel location on the page to be printed by a density level (typically eight bits, or one byte, for a byte map rendering) for each color to be printed. Black text is generally represented by a full density value (255, for an eight bit rendering) for each pixel within the character. The byte map typically contains more information than can be used by the printer. Finally, the RIP rasterizes the byte map into a bit map for use by the printer. Half-tone densities are formed by the application of a halftone “screen” to the byte map, especially in the case of image objects to be printed. Pre-press adjustments can include the selection of the particular halftone screens to be applied, for example to adjust the contrast of the resulting image.

Electrographic printers with gray scale printheads are also known, as described in International Publication Number WO 01/89194 A2, incorporated herein by this reference. As described in this publication, the rendering algorithm groups adjacent pixels into sets of adjacent cells, each cell corresponding to a halftone dot of the image to be printed. The gray tones are printed by increasing the level of exposure of each pixel in the cell, by increasing the duration by way of which a corresponding LED in the printhead is kept on, and by “growing” the exposure into adjacent pixels within the cell.

Ripping is printer-specific, in that the writing characteristics of the printer to be used is taken into account in producing the printer bit map. For example, the resolution of the printer both in pixel size (dpi) and contrast resolution (bit depth at the contone byte map) will determine the contone byte map. As noted above, the contrast performance of the printer can be used in pre-press to select the appropriate halftone screen. RIP rendering therefore incorporates the attributes of the printer itself with the image data to be printed. The printer specificity in the RIP output may cause problems if the RIP output is forwarded to a different electrographic printer. One such problem is that the printed image will turn out to be either darker or lighter than that which would be printed on the printer for which the original RIP was performed. In some cases the original image data is not available for re-processing by another RIP in which tonal adjustments for the new printer may be made.

FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic block diagram of the function of render circuit 39. For exemplary purposes only, it is assumed that binary image data is provided by the RIP on line 310 to converter circuit 312 which, in this example, converts the data from binary to multi-bit data, such as eight bit data. For example, the pixel value may be converted from a 1 or 0 value, to a value ranging from 0 to 255 and provided on a line 314. For simplicity, it will be assumed that the pixel being treated or the pixel in question (PIQ) values on line 314 is either 0 or 255. The 8 bit PIQ value is provided to an edge determination circuit 316 which applies a standard 3×3 edge Laplacian kernel circuit to determine if the PIQ is an edge pixel. The results (A) of this edge determination is provided on a line 317 to mapping circuit 318 and a pixel object width determination circuit 320. In other terminology, circuit 316 flags whether the PIQ is edge pixel or not. An edge is defined as a transition between background and foreground. Edge pixels define the transition between background and foreground pixels. Background pixels are defined as pixels having relatively little or no printable or marking information within. Print or marking information is the digital value assigned to the pixel which results in a certain amount of marking material, such as ink or toner, to be deposited on a receiver, where the amount of material has a functional relationship to the digital value. For example, in the present embodiment, higher digital values may mean higher amounts of toner being deposited, resulting in a visually darker pixel. An inverse relationship could also be employed, however. Foreground pixels are defined as pixels having some printable or marking information within. Foreground pixels may be either interior pixels, edge pixels, one pixel lines, or two pixel lines. Interior pixels are foreground pixels that are not edge pixels, one pixel lines, or two pixel lines. The output on line 314 from converter circuit 312 is also provided to a 3×3 directional lookup table circuit 322. Circuit 322 assigns a designation or flag to the PIQ depending on the pixels surrounding it in a 3×3 matrix. With reference to FIG. 4, it can be seen that there are eight different configurations for an edge PIQ in the center of a 3×3 pixel matrix. The PIQ is designated by an “X”. Each matrix is assigned an arbitrary designation, and in this example the designations are letters indicating direction of the adjoining pixels from the PIQ. Other letters or numerical designations may just as well been assigned. The output (D) of directional lookup table circuit 322 is provided on a line 323 to character or object pixel width determination circuit 320.

Pixel width determination circuit 320 determines if the edge PIQ is part of an object that is one or two pixels wide, and flags the data with a tag (B) accordingly on a line 321.

Mapping circuit 318 is provided information from multiple sources and provides an output on a line 340 to the writer interface. The inputs to mapping circuit are the edge detection pixel information A on line 317, object width information B on a line 321, and original image PIQ data C on line 314. In addition, assignment values for interior pixels, edge pixels, one pixel wide lines and two pixel wide lines are provided to mapping circuit 318 on lines 330, 332, 334 and 336. These assignment values are new values that will be given to the PIQ, depending upon whether the PIQ is part of a two pixel wide object (2PV), one if the PIQ is part of a one pixel wide object (1PV), one if the PIQ is an edge pixel of an object more than two pixels wide (EPV), and another value if the PIQ is an interior (not background) pixel (IPV). Background pixels (white area) are not changed by this particular algorithm, although another might do so to achieve a desired effect.

The types of assignment parameters and the number of assignment values may be determined in an unlimited number of ways. For example, they may be provided by a user in response to a particular effect the print operator wishes to obtain by programming through a user interface, mechanical switches or other adjustments. The assignment values may also be determined automatically by the controller or LCU in response to printer operational parameters, operator input or other input. The assignment values and parameters may be combined to determine new assignment parameters. However they may be determined, new pixel tone or exposure values will be assigned to the PIQ post rip. One primary factor in new pixel tone value assignment is the location of the PIQ in the image in relation to surrounding pixels. Although the input to the rendering circuit is explained as a binary input, the input may also be a multi-bit input wherein new multi-bit PIQ exposure values will be assigned for the input PIQ exposure values. Also, it is to be noted that the digital input PIQ exposure values may be either binary or multi-bit, meaning the input digital image may be either binary or multi-bit.

Rendering circuit 39 is an in line interface, or serial interface in that it is provided between the RIP and the writer interface. Image rendering can therefore be accomplished independent of the printer or other printer components discussed hereinbefore, such as the RIP or writer interface. It may be implemented with hardware (such as a computer or processor board), software, or firmware as those terms are known to those skilled in the art. The image rendering of the present invention can also be accomplished utilizing data from the other printer components, such as data typically utilized for process control. In addition, image rendering may be set or programmed by an operator or other external or remote source in order to achieve a particular effect or effects in the printed output. Implementing a rendering circuit in hardware just prior to gray level writer allows for lower bandwidth requirements right up to last stage before exposure. The writer may be any grey level exposure system.

Referring to FIG. 3, a flowchart of a method of image rendering by circuit 39 is provided. In a first step 210, binary image data is received from the data source 36, preferably after it has been ripped by the RIP 37. In a step 212, circuit 39 determines whether the pixel being treated or the pixel in question (PIQ) is an edge pixel. Edge pixels of binary images may be detected using any of a number of standard algorithms known in the art (William K. Pratt, Digital Image Processing, Second Edition, John Wiley and Sons, 1991, Chapter 16). The edge can be the white edge or black edge. The black edge is used for “thinning” or lightening and the “white edge” is used for thickening or darkening. To detect black edges, the binary image is converted to 8 bits (e.g. 0→0 and 1→255) and a standard 3×3 edge Laplacian kernel is applied. Preferred embodiment uses the following kernel:

0 −1 0 −1 4 −1 0 −1 0

The result of this operation is an image in which all image pixels are 0 except for edge pixels which have a value of 255. To detect white edges, the binary image is converted to 8 bits and inverted (e.g. 0→255 and 1→0). White edges of text and other features are detected when the image is to be darkened or lines and halftones dots are to be made wider. The white pixel edges are then replaced with a gray level to widen or extend the exposed region. The amount of gray level added determines the degree to which the image is darkened. The particular edge detection algorithm utilized can be combinations and refinements of standard algorithms known in the art. In a thinning case, changing the edge pixels of each halftone cell to gray lightens the printed pictorial image. In a thickening case, adding gray to the white edge pixels around the halftone cell darkens the image.

If the PIQ is determined not to be an edge pixel, then in a step 214, the determination is made whether the PIQ value is zero or something other than zero. If the PIQ value is zero, then the PIQ value is assigned the background pixel value BPV, (which for exemplary purposes in this case is zero) in a step 215, since it is part of the background. If the PIQ value is not zero then it's assumed it's an interior pixel (solid area pixel) and a new interior pixel value (IPV) is assigned to it in a step 216.

If the PIQ in step 212 was determined to be an edge pixel, a step 217 determines whether the image rendering is in a thinning mode or a widening mode. These modes will be discussed in more detail hereinafter. If a thinning mode is desired, then a determination is made in a step 218 as to whether the PIQ is an edge pixel of a line or object that is one pixel wide. If yes, then the PIQ is assigned a new one pixel wide value (1PV) in a step 220. If the answer to step 218 is no, then a determination is made in a step 222 whether the PIQ is part of a line or object that is two pixels wide. If yes, then a two pixel wide value (2PV) is assigned to the PIQ in a step 224.

If the answer to step 217 is no, then the PIQ is assigned an edge pixel value (EPV) in a step 226.

It is to be noted that the flowchart of FIG. 3 may be an algorithm that is performed as part of the mapping circuit 318 or function as illustrated in FIG. 2. Also, as can be seen in FIG. 2, binary pixel data is provided by the RIP to the input of the image rendering circuit and multi-bit pixel data is output to the writer. Variations of how the data is converted, and what values are assigned to the different pixels are limitless and depend on what alterations to printed images is desired by the user. Also, it can be seen that the rendering algorithm begins with or is based on detecting edges or edge pixels.

Referring to FIG. 4, a binary bitmap of six objects toned or printed in an array of pixels is illustrated. In each array, the center pixel is considered the PIQ. Presuming the PIQ is an edge pixel, there are six different relational configurations or objects defined as to where the PIQ is located with relation to the surrounding object. The six possibilities are provided as a directional look up table (DIR LUT) or directional LUT. Six variable values S, N, E, W, NE, SW, SE, NW are assigned the six configurations. It can be seen that in half the cases, the PIQ is a multi-edge pixel in that it is part of more than one edge. In the present embodiment, all other directional relational configurations would be assigned a value of zero. The PIQ and adjacent object may be identified using any of a number of edge detection algorithms, such as the Laplacian kernel described hereinbefore. With this analysis, determination of the orientation of the PIQ with respect to adjacent pixels can be made. Different pixel values may be assigned to the different orientations to achieve different print results.

The following represents Pseudo code for 1 pixel wide line pixel value assignment decisions in accordance with the exemplary algorithm for block 320 of FIG. 2:

-   -   If pixel from A is an edge pixel and pixel value from DIR LUT is         0,     -   Then pixel is part of 1 pixel wide line.

The following represents Pseudo code for a 2 pixel wide line pixel value assignment decisions in accordance with exemplary algorithm for block 320 of FIG. 2:

-   -   If pixel from A is an edge pixel,     -   Then if pixel from DIR LUT is a E and if adjacent pixel to the         right is a W         -   Then Pixel is part of a two pixel wide line     -   Else if pixel from DIR LUT is a SE and if pixel on next line and         to the right is a NW         -   Then Pixel is part of a two pixel wide line     -   Else if pixel from DIR LUT is a S and if pixel on next line and         directly below is a N         -   Then Pixel is part of a two pixel wide line     -   Else if pixel from DIR LUT is a SW and if pixel on next line and         to left is a NE         -   Then Pixel is part of a two pixel wide line     -   Else if pixel from DIR LUT is a W and if adjacent pixel to the         left is a E         -   Then Pixel is part of a two pixel wide line     -   Else if pixel from DIR LUT is a NW and if pixel on previous line         and to left is a SE         -   Then Pixel is part of a two pixel wide line     -   Else if pixel from DIR LUT is a N and if pixel on previous line         and     -   directly above is S         -   Then Pixel is part of a two pixel wide line     -   Else if pixel from DIR LUT is a NE and if pixel on previous line         and to right is a SW         -   Then Pixel is part of a two pixel wide line     -   Else pixel is an edge pixel

As described hereinbefore, the RIP provides image data to a render circuit 39. The RIP 37 and render circuit 39 can be dedicated hardware, or a software routine such as a printer driver, or some combination of both, for accomplishing this task.

The rendering circuit or algorithm of the present invention defines, classifies or identifies each pixel as a particular kind of pixel and reassigns pixel values as a function of their classification, where the different classification reassignment values may be independent of each other. For example, the algorithm may classify each pixel as either a background pixel, interior pixel, edge pixel, one pixel line, or two pixel line and reassign new values to these pixels according to those classifications and independent of the each other. For example, interior pixels may be reassigned new values while edge pixel remained unchanged, or edge pixels may be reassigned new values while leaving interior pixels unchanged, or edge pixel values may be lowered with respect to interior pixel values, or interior pixel values may be lowered with respect to edge pixel values, etc. It can be seen there are unlimited variations to the present rendering algorithm. For example, the rendering circuit or algorithm of the present invention may define each pixel as either a background pixel, interior pixel or edge pixel and reassign these values independently of each other. Many pixel classifications may be defined, examples of which have been defined herein with the designations background pixel (BP), foreground pixel (FP), interior pixel (IP), edge pixel (EP), one pixel line (1W), two pixel line (2W), N, S, E, W, NE, NW, SE, SW, Y, Z, etc.

Referring to FIGS. 6 a-6 f, wherein a character is represented in a pixel grid. FIG. 6 a is an illustration of a binary bitmap of a character. It can be seen that the pixels are either all black (filled with solid area density of maximum toner d_(max)) or have no toner and have area toner density of zero.

FIG. 6 b illustrates the toned character of 6 b after assigning a lower pixel value to both interior pixels and edge pixels. In other words, IPV and EPV were reassigned from d_(max) in FIG. 6 a to d_(x), where d_(x) is lower than d_(max). FIG. 6 c illustrates the edge pixels of the character when the character is undergoing thinning.

FIG. 6 d illustrates assignment of new EPV and IPV values for the edge and interior pixels of the character after thinning has occurred.

FIG. 6 e illustrates the edge pixels of the character when the character is undergoing thickening.

FIG. 6 f illustrates assignment of new EPV and IPV values for the edge and interior pixels of the character after thickening has occurred.

It can be seen from these FIGs. that after operation of the algorithm, the edge pixels and interior pixels may be assigned grey levels independently. Once edge pixels are detected, the remaining pixels consist of either “background” pixels (white unprinted area) or “interior” pixels (foreground less edge pixels). Interior pixels can be distinguished from background pixels in that if a pixel is NOT an edge pixel (from above) and if in the original image data the pixel is a 0 (no marking) then the pixel is a background pixel. On the other hand, if the pixel is NOT a edge pixel (from above) and if in the original image data the pixel is a 1 (marking) then the pixel is an interior pixel. With the rendering circuit, the exposure level of interior pixels can be changed. Second and subsequent layers of edge pixels can be detected by simply performing the edge detection algorithm on the interior pixels which remain after the edge pixels are removed. Interior pixels would then refer to pixels remaining after all layers of edge pixels have been removed. A flow chart for this type of iteration is illustrated in FIG. 17.

The steps taken in FIG. 17 begin with step 610 of receiving image bitmap data. In a step 612, the edge pixels are identified and assigned a new value EPV₁ in a step 614 and thereafter sent to the writer. The Edge 1 pixels identified in step 612 are also assigned a value of zero in a step 616, thereby creating a new “virtual” Edge 2. The Edge 2 pixels are identified in a step 618 and reassigned a new pixel value EPV₂ in a step 620 and thereafter sent to the writer. The Edge 2 pixels identified in step 618 are also assigned a value of zero in a step 622, thereby creating a new “virtual” Edge 3. The Edge 3 pixels are identified in a step 624 and reassigned a new pixel value EPV₃ in a step 626 and thereafter sent to the writer. This process can be iterated many times over so that Edge N−1 pixels are assigned a value of zero in a step 628, thereby creating a new “virtual” Edge N. The Edge N pixels are identified in a step 630 and reassigned a new pixel value EPV_(N) in a step 632 and thereafter sent to the writer.

A process similar to that described above process may be utilized to thicken or expand the size of an object edges by simply assigning a value higher than zero, such as one or d_(max) in steps 616, 622, 628, etc., in order to create a new edge, real or virtual.

FIGS. 5 a-5 d illustrate different alterations that may be accomplished using an iterative edge detection, or edge “peeling” technique.

FIG. 6 b illustrates another technique for altering the image, which is to assign the same grey level to both edge and interior pixels.

Referring to FIGS. 7 a-7 d in conjunction with FIGS. 2 and 3, wherein a single pixel width character or line is represented in a pixel grid. FIG. 7 a is an illustration of a binary bitmap of a one pixel wide character. It can be seen that the pixels are either all black (filled with solid area density of maximum toner dram) or have no toner and have area toner density of zero. FIG. 7 b illustrates assignment of eight bit values for the binary values of FIG. 7 a after determination of the edge pixels according to a Laplacian kernel. FIG. 7 c illustrates assignment of direction values for the pixels surrounding character pixels after application of the assignment algorithm described and illustrated hereinbefore in FIG. 4. FIG. 7 d illustrates the assignment background pixel, edge pixel and of direction values for the pixel grid in accordance with the algorithm described and illustrated hereinbefore.

Referring to FIGS. 8 a-8 d in conjunction with FIGS. 2 and 3, wherein a two pixel width character or line is represented in a pixel grid. FIG. 8 a is an illustration of a binary bitmap of a two pixel wide character. It can be seen that the pixels are either all black (filled with solid area density of maximum toner d_(max)) or have no toner and have area toner density of zero. FIG. 8 b illustrates assignment of eight bit values for the binary values of FIG. 8 a after determination of the edge pixels according to a Laplacian kernel. FIG. 8 c illustrates assignment of direction values for the pixels surrounding character pixels after application of the assignment algorithm described and illustrated hereinbefore in FIG. 4. FIG. 8 d illustrates the assignment background pixel, edge pixel and of direction values for the pixel grid in accordance with the algorithm described and illustrated hereinbefore.

As described, in order to preserve fine lines (avoid loss of information), one and two pixel wide lines are each detected when “thinning”. All pixels that comprise a one or two pixel wide line are categorized as edge pixels after the Laplacian operation. It is to be appreciated that many methods known in the art can be used to identify 1 and 2 pixel wide lines. As described herein, to distinguish 1 and 2 pixel wide lines from other edge pixels, the original image which has been converted to 8 bits is operated upon by a 3×3 direction look up table (DIR LUT). The resulting output contains information identifying the edge gradient of all edges. Using information from the original image, the output of this operation along with edge pixel data from the image created by the Laplacian operation is used to identify pixels which are part of a one pixel wide line from pixels which are part of a two pixel wide line. Since one pixel wide lines can be detected and distinguished from 2 pixel wide lines, each type of line can have a unique gray level assigned to it which in turn can be different from other edge pixels.

Note that if onion skin layering is applied, there may exist first layer edge pixel values, second layer pixel values, etc. The gray level range for interior and edge pixels is 0 (no exposure) to 255 (maximum exposure). When thinning, one and two pixel wide lines have a range from some minimum exposure (not 0) to the maximum exposure. This is so that these lines will appear on the print. However, the present invention does not preclude setting gray level on these in order to intentionally erase fine lines.

FIG. 9 illustrates an example of an interface for an operator to adjust the pixel density assignment values. Other inputs can be utilized. As discussed previously, an operator can adjust these parameters in different ways to achieve a desired print result. For exemplary purposes only, there is shown adjustments for the values of Interior Pixel, Edge Pixel, One Pixel Wide, Two Pixel Wide, Toner Consumption, Character Linewidth, Shadow, Asymmetry and Exposure Modulation (lightness/darkness). The adjustments can be made utilizing a user interface or mechanical switch connected the printer, the particular kind and style of interface being variable. Providing a user with an interface allows that user to make many adjustments to the image so as to achieve a particular print output without having to rerip the image. As discussed herein, different printers provide different print characteristics. The user interface provides a means to adjust one printer to mimic or appear like another printer on the fly, so to speak. That is, adjustments can be made while the printer is operating so that print output may be analyzed quickly and iteratively with little inconvenience. Not all of the adjustments in FIG. 9 would be located in the same interface, and other adjustments not specifically shown therein are contemplated.

The present rendering circuit may be used in any type of electrographic system, of any size or capacity in which pixel exposure adjustment value is selected prior to printing. The printer processes a bit map of the image to be printed and identifies edge pixels first and then identifies other types of pixels in that image. The exposure level for these pixels is then set by the printer according to new pixel exposure adjustment values according to density adjustments performed by the printer. Many printed image and object characteristics, parameters and utilities may be affected by this method. For instance, a pattern may be provided to interior pixels. This would be applied in the mapping section where the interior pixel value is assigned. A benefit to the present algorithm is that changes may take effect immediately because process control controls to the same density.

When combining output from different printers to create one document, it is sometimes desirable to have the look and feel of the printers to be as similar as possible. Also, bitmaps of images ripped on one printer are sometimes printed on a printer with different characteristics than the original printer for which they were ripped. The present invention provides a method to obtain this result without reripping images and without adjusting other machine setup parameters (e.g. electrophotographic process setpoints). Appearance aspects which may be adjusted include but are not limited to text, line widths and pictorial tone scale. Feel aspect include but are not limited to toner stacking (tactile feel of toner stack). Image adjustments made utilizing the rendering circuit described herein take immediate effect on print output and therefore avoids any time delays normally associated with closed loop control system adjustment to electrophotographic process setpoints.

Sometimes users are willing to tradeoff image quality to attain higher toner yield per printed page. Another aspect of the rendering circuit is to provide the user with a “knob” or adjustment to adjust toner consumption at various levels of image quality, as shown in FIG. 9. A user is provided the ability to lower certain pixel values, like interior and edge pixels, thereby lowering the amount of toner being deposited in the affected pixels and thereby lowering overall toner consumption. A user can adjust the printed image in this manner so as to minimize toner consumption while maintaining acceptable image quality without having to rerip the image.

To this end, it can be seen that the rendering circuit accounts for all pixels of an image to be printed, and determines toner levels for each pixel. With this being the case, the printer may track or monitor total toner consumption of the printer accurately by adding or calculating the toner deposited for each line, character, and image processed and printed. By counting the number of edge (those having at least one adjacent pixel non toned) and interior (those having all adjacent pixels toned) and applying different conversion factors (toner usage per pixel to each), a prediction of toner usage can be achieved. Toner consumption by line, page, job or multiple jobs can be accomplished. This estimate has customer applications as well as potential uses in toner replenishment/toner concentration control in the printer itself. The conversion factors applied can also be dependent on the density targets used in printers that have variable density control allowing the customer to select the best cost/quality point for each job. As an example, 6% coverage documents made up of text and made up of 1 inch solid squares have been shown to consume between 0.0397 and 0.0294 grams of toner per sheet respectively. This difference of 33% occurs even though the total number of black pixels for the two documents differs by less than 0.5%. Analyzing these two images for edge and interior pixels indicates that edge pixels consume 1.3 times the toner that interior pixels do. Accounting for the edge and interior pixels separately clearly yields improved estimates for toner consumption than estimates using only pixel counts.

As mentioned hereinbefore, the process of electrography involves forming an electrostatic charge image on a dielectric surface, typically the surface of a photoconductive recording element that is being drawn or otherwise conveyed through a developing station or toning zone. The image is developed by bringing a two-component developer into contact with the electrostatic image and/or the dielectric surface upon which the image is disposed. The developer includes a mixture of pigmented resinous particles generally referred to as toner and magnetically-attractable particles generally referred to as carrier. The nonmagnetic toner particles impinge upon the carrier particles and thereby acquire a triboelectric charge that is opposite the charge of the electrostatic image. The developer and the electrostatic image are brought into contact with each other in the toning zone, wherein the toner particles are stripped from the carrier particles and attracted to the image by the relatively strong electrostatic force thereof. Thus, the toner particles are deposited on the image. The magnetic carrier particles are drawn to the toning shell by the rotating magnets therein. This magnetic force generally does not affect the nonmagnetic toner particles.

However, within the toning zone the toner particles are affected by forces other than the electrostatic force attracting the toner to the image and which may degrade image quality. These forces include, for example, repulsion of toner from the portion of the dielectric surface or photoconductive element that corresponds to the background area of the image, electrical attraction of the toner particles to the carrier particles, repulsion of toner particles from other toner particles, and electrical attraction to or repulsion from the toning shell depending on the polarity of the film voltage in the developer nip area. There are certain methods of compensating for and/or balancing the effect of these other forces on the nonmagnetic toner particles to prevent any significant adverse effect on image quality. However, the forces on toner particles having magnetic content are very different from the forces on nonmagnetic toner.

In addition to the electrical forces acting on nonmagnetic toner as described above, toner having magnetic content is subjected to magnetic forces, such as, for example, magnetic attraction of the toner particles to the carrier particles, to other toner particles, and to the rotating core magnet. All of these magnetic forces are generally in a direction away from the film or electrostatic image carrier. The only force acting to draw the toner onto the electrostatic image carried by the film or dielectric carrier is the electric force. Thus, the magnetic forces tend to counteract the electric attraction of toner particles to the image. The strength of the electric force relative to the magnetic forces becomes stronger as the distance between the image and the core magnet increases. Therefore, the toner tends to be deposited on the trailing edge of the film or dielectric carrier. The result is an image having solids with heavy toning on the trailing edge of the image, and cross track lines (i.e., lines perpendicular to the direction of travel of the dielectric support member or film) that are wider than the corresponding in track lines (i.e., lines that are parallel to the direction of travel of the dielectric support member or film).

This “Fringe” field effect (the condition wherein fringe electromagnetic fields around the edges of lines on the photoconductor result in toner build up at edges of lines on the printed material) can be a problem for some printers. The rendering circuit described herein provides a method to reduce the toner build up on the edges by adjusting the IPV, EPV, 1PV or 2PV parameters accordingly to reduce or counteract these effects. For example, FIGS. 5 a-5 d illustrate a character having different exposure values assigned to different layers which may be utilized to minimize the fringe field effect on image quality.

As described hereinbefore, d_(max) control uses the signal from a transmission densitometer circuit reading a d_(max) patch to adjust V₀ and/or E₀ electrophotographic parameters concurrently to maintain solid area density. In addition to d_(max), a shadow detail patch may be written using approximately 70-90% pixel pattern or at 70-90% of d_(max) exposure in a flat field pattern at the selected edge and interior pixel exposure values determined by the rendering circuit during tuning prior to the run. Based on the densitometer signal generated by this patch, the edge and interior pixel exposure values may be adjusted to maintain the desired shadow detail density (or large line character width) by adjusting or reassigning pixel values. In addition, a highlight detail patch may be written using approximately 5-20% of d_(max) exposure black pixels in a flat field pattern using the selected edge, interior, and small feature pixel exposure values determined by the rendering circuit during tuning prior to the run. Based on the densitometer signal generated by this patch, the small feature pixel values may be adjusted to maintain the desired highlight detail density (or fine line character linewidth) by reassigning one or more of EPV, 1PV and 2PV.

As described herein, it is possible using the rendering circuit to apply reduced exposure at all edges of characters, but this may lead to too large a reduction in line width since the minimum adjustment is applied to two pixels. This is especially true of characters printed in a small font size. To achieve less linewidth reduction, half of character edges may be reduced (top and left edges only for example). This may lead, however, to an apparent shift of the center of the characters locations and this may be undesirable for a particular application (for instance with kerned fonts and small font size characters). To achieve linewidth reductions less than those achieved with all edge pixel exposure reductions, and avoid apparent center shifts of small font size characters caused by top/left or bottom/right edge exposure reductions, the rendering circuit may apply an alternative algorithm and assign pixel values such that closed characters (those having enclosed spaces such as o, d, b, etc.) have reduced exposure only for the interior or exterior edges of enclosed areas. For example, FIG. 11 illustrates a letter “O”, (which is a closed character), having interior edges and exterior edges with different exposure values assigned to them. This helps to maintain the center location of character without achieving excessive linewidth reduction. Remaining straight portions of the characters may have only one edge exposure reduced. A similar algorithm may be applied to characters having partially enclosed spaces (such as v, c, m, n, etc.) whereby only the interior or exterior edge is exposure modified. Characters with multiple partially enclosed spaces (such as t, y, w, m, etc.) would require a larger set of rules to avoid modifying both edges of any strokes, but it should be possible to generate a consistent set of rules capable of avoiding such conflicts.

Desired edge exposure reductions may utilize a two dimensional operator of sufficient size to completely enclose the largest size character to which it will be applied. If an area is identified in the operator field of view as a separate object, it may then operate on the object in accordance with the rendering algorithm described herein to reduce apparent linewidth while minimizing the apparent center shifting of characters.

As the interior pixel (solid area density) exposures drop below certain levels, electrophotographic process nonuniformities become apparent in the solid area imaging. Assigning a pattern of different exposure values for interior pixels (multiple IPVs rather than using a single exposure for all interior pixels) reduces the visibility of EP process non-uniformity. The particular pattern used is analogous to a halftoning pattern for binary imaging, except the modulation is between different non-white exposure levels. The pattern of differing density pixels tends to obscure streaks and bands that become visible in flat fields of same level exposure pixels and minimizes the visibility of non-uniform density. The nonuniformities can be identified or measured in a number of ways, examples of which are visually inspecting the printed output or utilizing a density patch and measuring density thereof. The pattern can be of any size with any number of different exposure values such that it creates the desired average interior pixel density when printed to reduce print nonuniformities.

In this regard, the present invention is useful when printing magnetic toner or ink. Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) technologies have been used for many years for the automated reading and sorting of checks and negotiable payment instruments, as well as for other documents in need of high speed reading and sorting. As well known in the art, MICR documents are printed with characters in a special font (e.g., the E13-B MICR font in the United States, and the CMC-7 MICR standard in some other countries). Typically, MICR characters are used to indicate the payor financial institution, payor account number, and instrument number, on the payment instrument. In addition to the special font, MICR characters are printed with special inks or toners that include magnetizable substances, such as iron oxide, that are magnetized for facilitating an automatic reading process by a reading instrument which is sensitive to the magnetic fields surrounding the printed MICR characters. The magnetized MICR characters present a magnetic signal of adequate readable strength to the reading and sorting equipment, to facilitate automated routing and clearing functions in the presentation and payment of these instruments.

The relatively heavy loading of iron oxide in conventional MICR toner for electrographic MICR printing has been observed to adversely affect the image quality of the printed characters, however. It is difficult to achieve and maintain an adequate dispersion of the heavy iron oxide particles in the toner resin. In addition, the toning and fusing efficiencies of MICR toners are poorer than normal (i.e., non-MICR) toners, because of the magnetic loadings present in the MICR toner. Accordingly, the image quality provided by MICR toner may be poorer than those formed by normal toner, unless the printing machine makes adjustments to compensate. The present rendering circuit provides a way to adjust MICR toner density in parts of characters so as to minimize the printing nonuniformities resultant therefrom. By varying pixel toner density values as a function of pixel character location as illustrated in the exemplary drawings herein, the concentration of magnetic toner particles may be adjusted to improve the readability of the printed characters by reading instrumentation.

FIG. 11 illustrates an example of a typical tone reproduction curve, also referred to in the art as a “gamma” curve, illustrating the typical performance of conventional printers in reproducing tone density, in this example for gray scale printing. In this plot, the horizontal axis corresponds to input intensity between white (no intensity) and black (full intensity); the vertical axis corresponds to the corresponding printer output density, on the hard copy medium, between do (no density) and d_(max) (full density). Ideally, the transfer function from input intensity to output density would be a 45° line, shown as ideal plot I in FIG. 11, along which the output density exactly matches the input intensity.

Printer performance follows a non-linear “S-shaped” tone reproduction curve, for example as shown by actual plot A in FIG. 11 often referred to as the “gamma” curve. Along this tone reproduction curve, output density is generally less than that specified by low input intensity values (i.e., below the ideal I); this portion of the tone reproduction curve is referred to as the “toe”, shown by region T in FIG. 11. The output densities in the “toe” region are also referred to as “highlight” densities. At the other extreme, for high input intensity values, output density is generally higher than that specified by the input (i.e., above the ideal I). These output densities in the “shoulder” region of the tone reproduction curve, for example in region S of plot A in FIG. 11, are also referred as “shadow” densities. For both the highlight and shadow densities, the inaccuracy in tone reproduction is generally manifest by inaccuracies in the printed contrast; the underdensity in highlight regions shows up as washed out regions of the image, while the overdensity in shadow regions shows up by the absence of bright features (loss of detail in dark regions). In the “midtone” region of the tone reproduction curve, shown by region MT of plot A in FIG. 11, the error between output density and input intensity is relatively small, so that midtones produced by the printer closely match the input signal.

In many cases, the Raster Image Processor (RIP) described above, by way of which a page description is converted into a bit map output for printing by a specific printer of the electrographic or other type, applies gamma correction in this processing. This gamma correction compensates for the non-ideal density output of the printer, in effect applying a transfer function that is the opposite of the tone reproduction curve for the printer (e.g., plot A of FIG. 11). This correction will generally be implemented by increasing the density output for lower input intensity values, and decreasing the density output for higher input intensity values. To at least a first approximation, the correction amounts to the selection of a gamma value, which is a compensating factor corresponding to the degree of curvature of the actual tone reproduction curve A from the ideal I. As noted above, the actual correction may be carried out by selection of the appropriate halftone screens using higher density halftone screens for highlight densities, and lower density halftone screens for shoulder densities.

According to conventional approaches, the selection of the appropriate halftone screens for a given printer or printer type requires a trial and error process. The correct d_(max) output density level must first be correlated to full density input. Once d_(max) is set, then a representative image is processed using a trial set of corrections for highlight and shadow densities; after analysis of the output image, the corrections may be adjusted and the image processed again. Upon convergence to the desired output, additional images may be adjusted using the corrections (e.g., the selected set of halftone screens) determined in the trial and error process, and printing can commence. To the extent that the iterative setting of shoulder and toe corrections must be performed for a given printer, or on specific images, this procedure is time consuming and costly.

Because of printer specificity in the RIP process, RIP output for one printer or printer type cannot be forwarded to a different electrographic printer without risking that the printed image will have incorrect gamma correction for the images. In other words, the gamma correction in the RIP output based on the printer for which the original RIP was performed will likely not correspond to the tone reproduction curve of a different printer.

As discussed above, U.S. Pat. No. 6,121,986 provides a solid area density control system, in which the optical density of maximum density patches, and of less than maximum density patches, is controlled in response to the measured performance of the electrographic printer. This solid area density control adjusts the output density d_(max) during setup and operation of the printer, and also can control the output density at different less-than-maximum levels. However, this conventional solid area density control only controls the solid area output density value d_(max), and cannot separately control highlight and shadow densities. In other words, an increase in solid area output density d_(max) compensates for the underdensity of highlights, but overcompensates for shadows.

Conversely, a decrease in d_(max) compensates for the overdensity of shadows, but undercompensates for highlights. While solid area control approaches stabilize the optical density of the exposed areas, they don't necessarily introduce variations into character linewidths of text (and analogously into the linewidths of small isolated image features). Linewidth variations are due in part to fringe field effects. As known in the art, the amount of toner applied to a pixel on the photoconductor of an electrographic printer depends upon the difference between the exposure voltage (as applied by the LED or laser to the photoconductor) and the bias voltage at the toning station; changes in either of these voltages will change the amount of toner received by the pixel. Fringe effects occur because the electric field at the edge of an exposed patch (i.e., those edges of exposed pixels that are adjacent to unexposed pixels) is much greater than the field at the center of the exposed region. It has been observed that the difference in field magnitude between the edge and the center may be as high as 3× to 5×. As a result, toner tends to pile up at the edge of an exposed patch of pixels, and at the edge of single exposed pixels surrounded by unexposed pixels.

In the case of single pixels, this piling effect can result in single pixel sizes of on the order of 90μ in 600 dpi printers that have a theoretical pixel pitch of 42μ. Again, these fringe effects affect both gray scale images and also full-black text and make it difficult to adjust image quality to the extent necessary to compensate for differences in characteristics between an electrographic printer for which the image was originally RIPped, and a different electrographic printer upon which the image is to be printed. These fringe effects are reduced utilizing the rendering circuit of the present invention by reassigning edge pixels to have lower exposure values (EPV) at the edge of an exposed patch of pixels, and at the edge of single exposed pixels surrounded by unexposed pixels.

Digitized halftone images processed at different effective screen frequencies (the number of lines per inch or lpi) often have different contrast (appearances) because of differing dot gains depending on the ratio of edge and interior pixels as the area coverage changes. FIG. 13 illustrates 17 halftone steps (the percentage of white in each step) for three different screen frequencies, 106 lpi, 85 lpi and 71 lpi. The relationship of percent lightness to percent black pixels for each step for each screen frequency is shown in FIG. 14. It can be seen that the three curves are different, thereby illustrating different halftone images for different screen frequencies. FIG. 15 illustrates a series of lines that are 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8 pixels wide, respectively. FIG. 16 illustrates a graph of linewidth vs. the number of pixels counted across the line, where white spaces are assigned negative numbers for a particular set of lines with the same linewidth (for example 8 pixel wide lines). A best fit line 500 can be drawn through the data points collected. FIG. 17 illustrates a series of best fit lines extracted for linewidth vs. the number of pixels derived by selecting a fixed IPV and varying EPV, 2PV and 1PV for eight different cases. It can be seen that there are eight different best fit lines.

It can also be seen that there is one particular best fit line that passes through the zero intercept. The EPV, 2PV and 1PV values for the zero intercept line was noted and a series of lines similar to those shown in FIG. 15 were printed at screen frequencies of 106 lpi, 85 lpi and 71 lpi. The relationship of percent lightness to percent black pixels for the three screen frequencies were plotted and are shown in FIG. 14, wherein the resulting curves identified as the zero intercept group curves. It can be seen that using the EPV, 2PV and 1PV values for the zero intercept line results in digitized halftone images that are the same for differing screen frequencies. By using EPV, 2PV and 1PV exposures that are different from IPV exposure, it is possible to achieve linear behavior between character linewidth and the number of pixels printed that has an intercept of zero. Because the IPV exposure hasn't changed, it is possible to retain good solid area fill by overlapping interior pixels. Because the relationship between pixel width and measured width has a zero intercept, image density for halftone patterns is not dependent on the ratio of edge and interior pixels, which means that is it also independent of screen frequency. Using a user interface, the user is therefore able to adjust the solid area maximum density (1PV) and then select edge pixel exposures (EPV, 2PV, 1PV) to achieve a zero intercept of the character linewidth v number of pixels curve to minimize screen frequency sensitivity. To this end, sensitivity to screens having different dot shapes (e.g. round, elliptical, diamond, etc.) may be minimized also.

An alternative function of the render circuit of the present invention is to improve the readability of microprint. Microprinting is the printing of very small text, typically defined as print less than 2.0 points, a point being a linear unit used to measure the size of type and one point being approximately 1/72 inch. Microprint for most people is readable only under magnification and is particularly useful for filling certain fields of documents which are the subject of alteration or counterfeiting, such as checks or currency with variable text to discourage such activity. Digital printers which have 600 dpi (dots per inch) addressability often produce unresolved characters in this size of text, however, because of bleed over or expansion of the marking material (printed dots of ink or toner) during the printing process. The more marking material deposited, the wider the line width. If the line width becomes too large, some microprint characters can't be resolved.

Print or marking information is the digital value assigned to the pixel which results in a certain amount of marking material, such as ink or toner, to be deposited on a receiver, where the amount of material has a functional relationship to the digital value. In the present microprinting embodiment, it is desirable to reduce the amount of deposited marking material for the microprint characters while not affecting the rest of the image. In order to achieve this, the 1PV and 2PV values are lowered to a value such that the microprint characters have acceptable readability. As discussed herein, the appropriate 1PV and 2PV values may be obtained empirically without having to reRIP the image. The rest of the pixel values need not be affected. Although there may be a small amount of one and two pixel wide lines in areas of the image not designated for microprint, the impact of this technique will be minimal to the overall image appearance. This is particularly important for MICR printing because the machine readability of the MICR characters in a document cannot be changed when microprint characters are changed.

Referring now to FIGS. 18 through 25, there is shown two examples of fonts suitable for microtext printing (microprint microfonts) comprised of one pixel line characters that would be affected by the rendering method of the present invention. The fonts are comprised of an array or pattern of pixels defined electronically in memory. Each pixel is a representation of approximately one six hundredth of an inch when printed (600 dpi). Other printing resolutions, such as 800 or 1200 dpi are contemplated by the present invention. Certain pixels are identified for marking on the print medium and other pixels are identified as devoid of marking, so that when the fonts are printed, marked pixels bleed over or at least partially overlie certain unmarked pixels adjacent to marking pixels such that alphanumeric characters having an approximate height less than or equal to 0.028 inches appear legible.

An array 100 or 200 is defined comprising pixels 102 or 202 identified for marking and other pixels 104 or 204 adjacent to the pixels 100 or 200 which are not identified for marking. A legible alphanumeric character having a height less than or equal to 0.028 inches is rendered on a receiver by at least partially marking areas on the receiver corresponding to said pixels and other areas on said receiver corresponding to the other pixels 104 or 204. The receiver may be a paper sheet, plastic sheet, the electrostatic imaging member 18, etc. According to the various aspects of the invention, legible alphanumeric characters having a height less than or equal to 2 points ( 2/72 of an inch) and less than or equal to 1 point ( 1/72 of an inch) may be printed. At 600 dpi, the marked font of FIG. 18 is approximately 0.009 inches high, and the marked font of FIG. 19 is approximately 0.014 inches high, depending upon exposure of the electrostatic imaging member 18.

Referring now to FIG. 20, an array 100 for the letter D is presented comprising pixels 102 and other pixels 104. FIG. 21 presents a graphical representation of the letter D after marking on a receiver. Areas 106 correspond to the marking pixels 102 designated for marking, and other areas 108 correspond to the other pixels 104 designated for no marking. The areas 106 corresponding to the pixels 102 are preferably completely marked, as shown in FIG. 21.

The characters of FIGS. 18 and 19 are composed of horizontal single pixel lines, vertical single pixel lines, single pixel diagonal lines, and isolated pixels (see the letter K in FIG. 22, for example). The characters may be composed in this manner anticipating partial marking of the other pixels 104 adjacent to the pixels 102 so that a legible character results after marking. Vertical and horizontal lines of pixels 102 may intervene with a mutually adjacent other pixel 104, as is demonstrated with the letter D in FIG. 20. The top and bottom horizontal lines intervene with the top and bottom, respectively, of a vertical line on the right side of the character. An intervening other pixel 104 not indicated for marking is mutually adjacent the top horizontal line and the right vertical line, and another is mutually adjacent the bottom horizontal line and the right vertical line. As demonstrated in FIG. 21, a legible character D is rendered. Examples for the characters K and M are presented in FIGS. 22-25.

It can be seen that since one pixel wide line microfonts can be designed, the rendering algorithm of the present invention need only change the 1PV value. Changing only the 1PV pixel value has less effect on the rest of the image than changing both the 1PV and 2PV pixel values. It is also to be noted that the represented characters may be less than one point characters.

FIG. 4 shows examples of a PIQ (X) in the center of a series of 3×3 pixel matrices in which the PIQ would be identified as being part of a 2 pixel wide line. FIG. 26 shows examples of a PIQ in a series of 3×3 pixel matrices in which the PIQ would be identified as being part of a 1 pixel wide line.

The types of assignment parameters and the number of 1PV and 2PV assignment values may be determined in an unlimited number of ways. For example, they may be provided by a user in response to a particular effect the print operator wishes to obtain by programming through a user interface, mechanical switches or other adjustments. The assignment values may also be determined automatically by the controller or LCU in response to printer operational parameters, operator input or other input.

While the present invention has been described according to its preferred embodiments, it is of course contemplated that modifications of, and alternatives to, these embodiments, such modifications and alternatives obtaining the advantages and benefits of this invention, will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art having reference to this specification and its drawings. It is contemplated that such modifications and alternatives are within the scope of this invention as subsequently claimed herein. 

1. A method of printing on a receiver an image in the form of a page description language (PDL), the method comprising: rasterizing the image in the form of the PDL to produce a digital bitmap including an array of pixels, each pixel having a respective multi-bit digital value representing marking information; identifying pixels in the rasterized digital bitmap that are part of one pixel wide structures; adjusting the respective multi-bit digital values of the pixels so identified to alter the appearance of the image when printed, wherein the respective multi-bit digital values of the identified pixels in the rasterized bitmap are adjusted to multi-bit digital values of decreased value so those pixels appear thinner when printed; and depositing marking material corresponding to the adjusted rasterized bitmap including the adjusted digital pixel values on the receiver using a printer, wherein the rasterizing step includes applying a halftone screen to produce the digital bitmap.
 2. Apparatus for printing on a receiver, with altered appearance, a digital bitmap, the digital bitmap including a rasterized array of pixels, each having a respective multi-bit digital value representing marking information, the apparatus comprising: a rendering circuit adapted to produce an adjusted digital bitmap by identifying pixels in the digital bitmap that are part of one pixel wide structures and adjusting the respective multi-bit digital values of such pixels to have decreased values so as to appear thinner when printed; and a printer adapted to deposit marking material corresponding to the adjusted digital bitmap including the adjusted multi-bit digital pixel values on the receiver, wherein the rendering circuit is further adapted to apply a halftone screen to the digital bitmap before identifying the pixels.
 3. Apparatus for printing on a receiver an image in the form of a page description language (PDL), the apparatus comprising: a raster image processor for rasterizing the image in the form of a PDL to produce a digital bitmap including an array of pixels, each having a respective multi-bit digital value representing marking information; a rendering circuit adapted to identify pixels in the rasterized digital bitmap that are part of one pixel wide structures and adjust the respective multi-bit digital values of such pixels to have decreased values so as to appear thinner when printed, so that the appearance of the image when printed is altered, wherein the raster image processor is further adapted to apply a halftone screen to produce the digital bitmap.
 4. A method of printing on a receiver an image in the form of a page description language (PDL), the method comprising: rasterizing the image in the form of the PDL to produce a digital bitmap including an array of pixels, each having a respective multi-bit digital value representing marking information; identifying pixels in the rasterized digital bitmap that are part of two pixel wide structures; and adjusting the respective multi-bit digital values of the pixels so identified to have decreased values so those pixels appear thinner when printed, so that the appearance of the image when printed is altered, wherein the rasterizing step includes applying a halftone screen to produce the digital bitmap.
 5. Apparatus for printing on a receiver, with altered appearance, a digital bitmap, the digital bitmap including an array of pixels, each having a respective multi-bit digital value representing marking information, the apparatus comprising: a rendering circuit adapted to produce an adjusted digital bitmap by identifying pixels in the digital bitmap that are part of two pixel wide structures and adjusting the respective multi-bit digital values of such pixels to have decreased values so as to appear thinner when printed; and a printer adapted to deposit marking material corresponding to the adjusted digital bitmap including the adjusted multi-bit digital pixel values on the receiver, wherein the rendering circuit is further adapted to apply a halftone screen to the digital bitmap before identifying the pixels.
 6. Apparatus for printing on a receiver an image in the form of a page description language (PDL) comprising: a raster image processor for rasterizing the image in the form of the PDL to produce a digital bitmap including an array of pixels, each having a respective multi-bit digital value representing marking information; a rendering circuit adapted to produce an adjusted digital bitmap by identifying pixels in the rasterized digital bitmap that are part of two pixel wide structures and adjusting the respective multi-bit digital values of such pixels to have decreased values so as to appear thinner when printed, so that the appearance of the image when printed is altered, wherein the raster image processor is further adapted to apply a halftone screen to produce the digital bitmap.
 7. A method of printing on a receiver, with altered appearance, microprint characters in a digital bitmap, the digital bitmap including an array of pixels, each having a respective multi-bit digital value representing marking information, the method comprising: identifying pixels in the digital bitmap that are part of one pixel wide structures or two pixel wide structures; and adjusting the respective multi-bit digital values of the identified pixels in the digital bitmap to multi-bit digital values of decreased value so those pixels appear thinner when printed; and depositing marking material corresponding to the adjusted digital bitmap including the adjusted digital pixel values on the receiver using a printer; and applying a halftone screen to the digital bitmap before the identifying step.
 8. A method of printing on a receiver an image in the form of a page description language (PDL), the method: rasterizing the image in the form of the PDL to produce a digital bitmap including an array of pixels, each having a respective multi-bit digital value representing marking information; identifying pixels in the rasterized digital bitmap that are part of one pixel wide structures or two pixel wide structures; and adjusting the respective multi-bit digital values of the pixels so identified to alter the appearance of the image when printed, wherein the respective multi-bit digital values of the identified pixels in the rasterized bitmap are adjusted to multi-bit digital values of decreased value so those pixels appear thinner when printed; and depositing marking material corresponding to the adjusted rasterized bitmap including the adjusted digital pixel values on the receiver using a printer, wherein the rasterizing step includes applying a halftone screen to produce the digital bitmap.
 9. Apparatus for printing on a receiver, with altered appearance, a digital bitmap, the digital bitmap including an array of pixels, each pixel having a respective multi-bit digital value representing marking information, the apparatus comprising: a rendering circuit adapted to produce an adjusted digital bitmap by identifying pixels in the digital bitmap that are part of one pixel wide structures or two pixel wide structures and adjusting the respective multi-bit digital values of such pixels to have decreased values so as to appear thinner when printed; and a printer adapted to deposit marking material corresponding to the adjusted digital bitmap including the adjusted multi-bit digital pixel values on the receiver, wherein the rendering circuit is further adapted to apply a halftone screen to the digital bitmap before identifying the pixels.
 10. Apparatus for printing on a receiver an image in the form of a page description language (PDL), the apparatus comprising: a raster image processor for rasterizing the image in the form of the PDL to produce a digital bitmap including an array of pixels, each pixel having a respective multi-bit digital value representing marking information; a rendering circuit adapted to produce an adjusted digital bitmap by identifying pixels in the digital bitmap that are part of one pixel wide structures or two pixel wide structures and adjusting the respective multi-bit digital values of such pixels to have decreased values so as to appear thinner when printed, so that the appearance of the image when printed is altered; and a printer adapted to deposit marking material corresponding to the adjusted digital bitmap including the adjusted multi-bit digital pixel values on the receiver, wherein the raster image processor is further adapted to apply a halftone screen to produce the digital bitmap. 